Looking Through the Window

Perhaps not! There is a very interesting possibility here!

One approach we've run into uses Einstein's relativity. There is a way to calculate the age of the earth and universe in terms of billions of years, and at the same time in relative terms explain the unfolding events as occurring over six days!

Another scientific and biblical based review (see our article: Science and Scripture) reveals biblical references to time—even to a universe and Earth with old age!

We recognize and respect interpretations of the Genesis account as being six days. We also recognize this account leaves room for discovery. There are also those who believe the Earth is young. From this point on, within the window, we'll simply demonstrate that naturalism (which relies on an old Earth) fails to explain even when considering the evidence in relation to an old Earth.

NOT ENOUGH TIME

Even with billions of years there is still insufficient time to explain life's appearance—remember the discussion above and the problems that chance events run into when making calculations in relation to time and evolution theory. Much more time—than has already transpired for this universe—would be required. Also note, planets, like Earth, have an existence that's a fraction of the universe's present time span.

Yet, the general discussion on origins continues to assume life arises on Earth (or any planet) from chemicals to cells, to complex forms—by descent with modification, natural selection, etc. This process is driven by random events and trial and error results to yield, over extensive geological time frames, increasingly complex life forms. Identifying time as the (assumed) driver for biological change is misleading. Even in the presence of evidence for increased complexity over time!

KEY POINT: Time is not a solution nor does it answer the questions concerning origins. More amazing is evidence for life's sudden appearances in the fossil record over time.

SEEING THE WHOLE PICTURE

So what is the driving force here? Consider an example in the form of an illusion. Here is a case where we have to make a distinction in the way information reveals the full story. Have we only recognized part of what that data tell us? Additional perspectives on what's at work appear later in this narrative. Keep in mind life's complexity depends on information and the initial derivation of that information is a critical clue identifying the source of our existence. What we can say for sure is that random events are not the answer.

So there is a working solution for a combined scientific and biblical view on time. What comes next is an assessment of what does and does not work for evolution theory over time.

REFLECTION: More complex forms do appear later and later in Earth's history. This trend is not necessarily proof of biological evolution. Think critically! Consider the possible ramifications when looking at the evidence. Fossils now tell us complex forms appear rapidly with little to no evidence for intermediate or ancestral forms. That's complexity appearing without traceable cause. (e.g., Cambrian explosion)

Remember, it takes specific complex information to make complex life. How does that information appear so rapidly?

From what Darwin tells us, there are two theories to describe. The first is the general theory and the other is the special theory. The general theory is an extension of the special theory.

Let's say it right up front ... Darwin got it right when he thought in terms of the special theory. In this case, over short time periods, species can give rise to other closely related species. This is called microevolution. The general theory assumes much longer time frames are involved (i.e., macroevolution). You can briefly explore a bit more about macroevolution and microevolution in two separate feature articles on these topics.

THE UPDATED THEORY

Neo-Darwinism is based on early 20th-century evidence. There's lots to describe concerning neo-Darwinism. However, space is limited, so the accompanying feature article addresses this briefly.

Certainly, Darwin's theory was initiated by interpreting evidence of the day, in his time. When genetics and later molecular biology came along Darwinism needed an update. Neo-Darwinism is a rethinking of the previous Darwinian view in newer terms. Is that any better? Does neo-Darwinism overcome the problems noted above. In a word: No.

There is an important footnote to this story. Many sources indicate there was an intent within the scientific community to force the newer 20th-century data into the older evolutionary paradigm. What if scientists had, after the turn of the century, just taken the opportunity to make a completely fresh review! Apparently, remodeling evolution was then more like a tune up rather than an engine overhaul. An important opportunity was missed! The new review today examines this issue through the most recent discussions on origins (see: Design, Complexity and Examples section below). Perhaps this is the long overdue review!

NEW EVIDENCE COMES TODAY

As more evidence comes from the molecular world, the more one must look beyond Darwinism to make sense of the data. Relevant examples of this are considered below. In short, it's just not newer data that made neo-Darwinism, but instead the persistence in a belief birthed by Darwinism. And lets be clear it is Darwinism and not Darwin that launched this belief system. Beyond Darwin, evolution theory took on a life of its own—by the actions of others in adopting the theory—to the extent that even today this belief system goes beyond the data. Again, as evident here, evolution is now questioned especially in light of: 1) arguments from design, 2) the examples for complexity, and 3) developmental data previously passed over by Darwinists (also see: From Genetic Information to Embryos below).

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Tree of Life

Classical thinking on the lineage of life assumes all life stems from a common ancestor. If we go back in time, ahead of Darwin and Wallace, back to earlier thinkers something different emerges. Yes, there was a great sense of order and that life may have progressed from sea to land and land to the air. But the idea that life comes from a common ancestor was not a main line view. In fact, arguments for keeping organisms classified in 'unconnected' unique groups was considered a viable perspective. To some, this grows out of accepting a divine creation. To others, it's shown by scientific observation! Further still were thoughts on how life bears signs of design—something that evolution can not explain.

THE TREE

So often we are shown an illustration for a 'tree of life' with plants and animals positioned at the tips of the tree's branches. The illustration depicts where organisms rest in a taxonomic and in an organizational sense, but science today still struggles with the notion that the branches and branch points are a connected reality.

ARE THE BRANCHES THERE?

Intermediate forms along the lengths of branches should exist for the entire length of the tree's trunk and at every fraction of an inch along the branches leading to each species held by the tree.

Technically, there should be fossil evidence of a 'blur' of varied life forms. Any 'species' is then only part of a continuum of intermediate forms.

As it turns out, there is also a hierarchy to life that can support other ways of viewing such a classification scheme. The alternative does not start with a single tree trunk but a number of (origin) points with fully formed groups. Species can still arise within this arrangement, but the overall branching pattern and common ancestor is gone. The difference reveals yet one more valuable clue and another unique perspective on origins.

As you might suspect from the description above, there are problems with using the tree illustration. So ... we next consider additional approaches to the way organisms can be classified. Even the alternate solutions come with some debate within the scientific community, but the discussion continues because the tree diagram is based on assumptions—to the point of being misleading. Let's look at classification by illustrating one of the ways the tree can be redrawn.

The Darwinian tree is confounded by problems when comparing anatomical traits. You would think this is the method that makes evolution's tree. Looking closer, there are mismatching sets of traits across supposedly similar forms. If evolution theory is to stand, this mismatch needs an explanation!

This stands in opposition to a progression of traits that would easily fit a logical classification. And later molecular evidence further disrupts the Darwinian tree. In this case, nodes and branches appear to cross back and forth instead of forking upward in a neat treelike pattern. Elsewhere molecular scientists keep remaking different tree patterns because new confounding data destroys the tree concept. The tree idea doesn't work.

FOSSIL EVIDENCE IN PERSPECTIVE

The idea that evolution explains descent and thus propagation of an array of continually varying life forms from one or several common ancestral population(s) is not clearly supported. Again, while traits and structures are shared, there are numerous mismatches that disrupt making simple conclusions. Still, many evolutionists choose to hold fast to the classical scheme. Further, examples for the incredibly sudden appearance of life in the fossil record raises a critical challenge to any thought of gradual descent—appearance of life over a long time frame—in the classical sense. In fact, one is left to consider that sudden appearances are the norm. Such events are then followed by a blossoming of closely related species within phyla. (But not one phylum leading to another) .

NON-RANDOM VARIATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Well then, if life forms don't merely keep changing to produce other newer unique forms (e.g., new body plans and unique organs), then what might drive formation of at least a closely related species. One concept is related to an interplay between evolution and the environment. But here the proposal is that information in the genome (i.e., in the DNA making the chromosomes) of organisms is already there—ready to be tapped in response to varied conditions. There is a mystery yet to be solved, but we know that the genomes appear to embody potential, either in the excess ('junk' or 'nonsense') DNA (that in some recent work demonstrates is functional genetic information) or in the ability to 'intelligently' invert, transpose, or rearrange existing DNA molecules. Moving segments of DNA is rearranging information. This appears a functional part of activating resident information. If done improperly the organism may suffer or die. If executed properly, the advantageous change potentially results in sufficient working efficiency that keeps an individual or population alive to reproduce further.

Another footnote to add here is that mutations (small changes in the genetic code) that lead to 'adaptive' information changes may actually work by losing information and not creating new information. Some or possibly the majority (dare we say all) mutations appear to confer an 'advantage' but by the introduction of less efficiency and not greater efficiency. Again, like the illusion, perhaps science has focused so long on the obvious mutation story, that the rest of the picture is hard to recognize. By uncovering more of this picture we think science will give us some spectacular surprises!

REFLECTION: We are led to assume molecules of DNA 'know' how to capture and store vast libraries of information. Scientists can document experimental differences in DNA in real time (over short periods), but to say this explains evolution is an inappropriate extrapolation. We see scientists are just so use to saying it, they have not stopped to realize the implications or impractical nature of what they assume. What it takes to build a genome as Darwinism requires is not supported by what scientific data have to tell us! The intricate complexity, the marvelous ability to replicate information, the presence of awesome repair mechanisms, the amount of information stored and it's so efficiently retrieved, and other facets to this topic again bring us back to consider it's all by design.

A NEW HYPOTHESIS

In fact, one proposal is that the environment is the main driver and 'evolution' in the 'micro-' sense is the result. This has been demonstrated. This illustrates where evolution works. Furthermore, such a form of evolution is nonrandom, no new information is added by any process, and this point needs recognition as a unique hypothesis. Such recognition would expand our view and remove some of the 'default favor' granted to random evolution process.

Fossils and Life's Appearance

SUDDEN APPEARANCE

It's not news that fossils are important to studying life's existence in previous eras of time. Recently scientists have obtained awesome evidence for complex life forms appearing—rapidly—in relatively brief spans of geologic time (e.g., ca. 5 or fewer million years for the events associated with the 'Cambrian explosion').

In fact, evidence for life on early earth ... reveals an appearance immediately after the young planet's surface cools. Life comes at the first opportune moment; some 3.8 billion years ago. This without any time for evolution's gradualism over a long time span.

Panspermia: This is the concept that proposes life's arrival on Earth comes from somewhere else in the universe. Serious scientists have made such proposals, but insufficient time and conditions anywhere else pose the same problems as here! Panspermia just puts off the insurmountable with hopes based on naturalism. This is not a solution to life's origin.

EXTINCTION AND SHORT TIME frames

Multiple extinction events have visited the Earth in ages past. At the very least these events have come with life rebounding at astounding rates. One suggestion is that if evolution were the gradual process of descent with modifications, that extinction events turn back the evolutionary clock. Recovery would not be so rapid. Note this is not a matter of one great event, like that associated with the loss of all dinosaurs. Multiple events mean multiple challenges at different times. There are thus two interesting mysteries here. Why does: 1) life appear so rapidly as in the Cambrian era (and other phyla appear likewise at other 'points' in time; for example, flowering plants have their own 'explosion' as they first appear on Earth!) and 2) life rebounds (phyla reappear) quickly after an event that causes global extinctions. If evolution needs all the time it can get ... how can the clock even be reset once, back to near time zero, to start all over again?

FOSSIL INTERMEDIATES

One persistent area of concern is the lack of transitional intermediates in the fossil record. The idea is species A will be altered slightly and progressively until one finds species B. The intermediates are then all slightly 'morphed' over time with mutations and by selection resulting in something like the following series:

Starting with species (or phyla) A=>A1=>A2=>A3=>B3=>B2=>B1 and finally B.

There are scientists who believe strongly in evolution and thus work hard to find intermediate forms in the fossil record.

The thumbnail answer here is that organisms that "look transitional" can be identified. But wrinkles in evolutionary thinking come when we consider: 1) time frames of life's appearance, 2) the question of how extensive the data are for intermediates universally (they are not common), and 3) some living-fossil organisms exist today that show incredible conservation of features with their ancient kin (the same species) as observed in fossils. The take home message is that 'intermediates' simply turn out to be unique enough to be distinct species. Virtually innumerable gaps need to be filled by examples of intermediate forms to make this a working concept.

Darwin thought that in time the fossil record would be extensive and prove his theory correct. The fossil record in some areas of the world is now extensive, but not in any way yielding the support anticipated back in the mid-1800s.

Note of Interest
from AAAS 2002

Read an short sidebar commentary regarding recent evidence from dinosaur finds made in Africa.

Without a doubt, new fossil finds will come. Some will be heralded as great discoveries. But until the empirical data confirm Darwin's thinking, microevolution stands as the only working model. And perhaps there are nonrandom aspects as to how organisms adapt to environmental challenges. Dr. Sereno's work in Africa (see Note of Interest above) may repeat the pattern of numerous interesting finds with unique creatures that do little to fill transitional gaps—other than to finally document the types of dinosaurs and other species that once existed in Africa.

From Genetic Information to Embryos

Let's really shift gears here! Let's look at the inner workings of cells and organisms. This is marvelous because the mystery of life only deepens.

In the Darwinian sense, all modern research should simply cinch the story, sew it up, and settle it, now and and for all time. The picture we see is incredible but not as anticipated by evolutionists. Still, they persist in describing findings according to their expectations. There is evidence that just does not fit their concept and that is what makes for intrigue and fun in seeing what science has in store for us!

WHERE THE INFORMATION IS

We noted previously that no one—in a material sense—can identify the source of biological information. The existence of this information can be examined from what science knows about DNA. Yet, this is only the 'master' molecule—no, we are not forgetting RNA—involved in storing and moving the information around. So much information in yet such a small package ... storing data more effectively than any computer technology today—it's awesome! There is something spectacular to our look at DNA. We think it's as special as all the other perspectives here at the window. Take a moment to consider the unique features of life's information systems!

THE CODE IN ACTION

As scientists expose the genetic codes for various plants and animals—including the human genome—new peculiar questions arise. Again, some of what is being discovered mounts an ever increasing challenge to evolution theory!

To briefly review a point or two about genes in action, stasis , and death (by design) which will appear in future feature articles will approach these topics.

Embryology - Looking At Organisms Develop

One area of study in biology often assumed to provide evidence for evolution is embryology. But a growing concern should be that embryos tell a story that is not in total synchrony with Darwinian theory.

There are two brief points—of many others we could include—that are noted in the feature article here. First, the developmental sequence that embryos exhibit does not parallel an evolutionary sequence as taught in schools. Some background is needed to understand this in context (see feature article). Once described, a common mantra of the biology textbooks is invalidated. Take a look to understand why "Ontogeny does not Recapitulate Phylogeny."

MUTATIONS ARE A PROBLEM

Also, mentioned here—but to be described in more detail in a future article—is the problem that mutations create at any stage for the developing embryo. One might think that just the right mutation during some early phase of development might impart something new for the species and thus some advantage for the mature adult stage.

Instead of a cascade of novel new features, mutations early on appear only detrimental. To be clear, an honest appraisal of embryology is likely to highlight problems and not solutions. The difficulties here are like the confounding hurdles described above for chemical evolution or the probability that life's complexity arises by chance. For example, we are talking about the appearance of entirely new organs, radically different lungs (in birds) or eye architecture (octopus without a close evolutionary connection), or the incredible coordination between any new structure and development of the rest of the forming organism!

Molecules Tell Us of a Separation of Groups

As noted above, molecular evidence should help, not hinder, promoting evolution theory. There are several sets of data to examine concerning the current molecular story. At this point we have room for one of these discussions. The main point: instead of a seamless story from ancestral life to modern organisms another pattern appears! Instead of a stream of life branching out over time, the evidence supports separate springs issuing from separate locations. Yes, molecules resemble a commonality in various phyla, but rather than linking species groups, there is an indication of relatively equal separation! This seems a parallel to what the evidence shows for sudden appearances of species (phyla) at the Cambrian explosion.

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Book List: Many of these titles have been used to prepare the feature articles that appear in the Science Area of WindowView.

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Design, Complexity and Examples

Another perspective on origins is that of intelligent design. This topic impacts how we define our being. It goes right to the heart of what is taught in schools. Actually, intelligent design is not allowed by many school systems. Where is the objectivity? Design is an issue requiring our attention. This begs a look at how we regard life as a whole. In the window's context, this ultimately leads us to understanding a will and purpose associated with life. Something evolution theory can never reveal—but design does!

Darwinian theory (macroevolution) today represents an accepted secular creation myth. Scientific evidence, in fact, supports the case for intelligent design ... which in turn refutes assumption and myth. Even Darwin was open to the possibility that future data could one day collapse his general theory. That day has arrived.

Let's consider evidence in support of intelligent design. What we find is truly amazing. Nature itself embodies this evidence in all living systems. Think about this! Recognize what the evidence reveals. Today, science is able to reveal details necessary to demonstrate the presence of design.

A NEW TOOL

Intelligent design would only be a concept without a means to detect something as a product of design. And there is a tool to detect design! Take a moment to examine how this works—as briefly illustrated in our article on the explanatory filter. This tool can be successfully applied to the examples considered below. Such examples are identified as having 'specified' or 'irreducible' complexity.

EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT OF DESIGN

Read our feature article on irreducible complexity. Consider how observations at the molecular level—where life's inner workings are revealed through recent technological advancements and detailed scientific research—provide evidence for design. We focus on the writings of Dr. Behe with links to examples that go beyond Behe's discussion. This is a starting point. Let's look back at the earliest arguments for design and then refresh the view with modern scientific observations. This is cutting edge stuff.

Behe's book, Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution, was published in 1996. Since then thousands of reviews, responses, and critiques have failed to derail the key points made by Dr. Behe. Design is in the details.

THINK REALLY small!

Take a moment to scale yourself down to a miniature size so small that a visit to a cell is like touring a huge factory. Look around at the molecules that now tower over our heads! What you'll quickly see, with the help of your imagination, is that a cell is filled with numerous molecular machines. And the speed and efficiency by which these machines work is incredible ... but have you ever stopped to think about this? How can chance evolution account for this ... or can it? Whatever you think, this is a great exercise and with a moment of quiet consideration your jaw should drop! And why not be awed by what we see here! Really, life is that wondrous. We are so often too preoccupied to really take this all in and be amazed. So, take a look!

EXAMPLES TO AMAZE US

There are a few more approaches to seeing life's incredible complexity, design and examples that fit into the design arena. We address this a bit more in additional feature articles on: complex examples
and evidence for design in cells.

Evidence from fossils and present life forms reveals unique properties that cannot simply be explained by evolution theory. Read about several examples including feathers, the eye, etc., as described here.

OTHER EXAMPLES GOING AWAY

Textbooks commonly employ examples to state a case for evolution. These are sometimes called the icons of evolution. If the icons are solid examples, then the standard story has something to stand on. If not, then we are well advised to recognize problems and misleading information. An analysis of each icon provides a valuable real time exercise in critical thinking. The feature article here provides a reference to a recent book by Dr. Jonathan Wells on this topic. But his writing is neither the first nor will this be the last we hear about the icons and problems with current textbook examples for evolution.

SCIENTISTS THINKING ABOUT FUTURE WORK

There are a number of scientists who would like to obtain funding to conduct research along the lines of detecting design in the universe. In a future feature article on testing a new hypothesis we will describe some of the recent thinking about this type of research going into the future. Even as funding entities today downplay the importance of such research, this does not invalidate the importance of this work. If anything, the current reluctance to provide funding only stalls academic freedom and blocks a constructive and objective endeavor. Those who criticize intelligent design as non-science, without a research base, neglect to admit the prejudice against funding this new exploration! Frankly, this puts off finding further amazing perspectives on our life and what makes our existence so remarkable.

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Unlocking the Mystery of Life (VHS or DVD) is a stunning introduction to intelligent design. Many of the issues described in the window are wonderfully and clearly put forth in graphic terms. We strongly encourage a viewing of this video!

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Book List: Many of these titles have been used to prepare the feature articles that appear in the Science Area of WindowView.

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The Wedge

Above—at the top of this column of text—we entertained a feature topic on Darwin's bulldogs. Perhaps we can now see a new type of bulldog in the writings of Prof. Phillip Johnson. Take a moment to see how an academic lawyer—building a case through discovery with current science evidence—now recognizes not only the failings of evolution theory but sees far reaching consequences to our society's blind acceptance of material naturalism. This sets the stage for us to ask what the full implications are to what we think and teach our children. Or more so, to the blind acceptance of assumptions and how this characterizes and impacts our society as a whole.

The Intelligent Design 'movement' has gained momentum, numerous adherents, progress in being heard by boards of education across the U.S., and even a writing that accounts for the recent history for Intelligent Design (see Doubts About Darwin in our booklist). Our booklist has grown immensely in the past several years due to an intense and growing interest in this area! And this promises to be only a beginning to a most fascinating science based revolution.

MORE THAN THE MATERIAL AND NATURAL WORLD

Given all that we've seen to this point, it's time to examine position (a belief) held at large today. The influence of material naturalism goes to the root of the human experience. With the early great thinkers comes an awareness going beyond what is simply the material experience. And as noted above, much of the discussion on biology and origins during the Victorian era shifted humanity's mind set back to a focus on materialism or a methodological naturalism.

Today the global economy and politics has much to do with what's material. Society at large has built a foundation on materialism and naturalism. The human world revolves on a material axis. To see this as an influence and as a distraction ... reveals how important a long look at the details on origins can be. Perhaps beyond absorbing what's so special to being here, there is also an encounter with betrayal. If our existence is really better defined in other terms, other than what we assume every day ... then getting beyond naturalism opens the window further still. If you feel the betrayal, then you are getting the difference ... and time at the window is revealing something important to you. Yes, we live in a material world, but our origin tells us something that goes way beyond all this.

Also note, the tendency to living strictly in the material sense also drives the global change, current depletion of natural resources, and puts out of reach obtaining a goal of a sustainable environment. Materialism's (thus humanity's corporate) consumption drives the current global decline that is noted in the next feature area (Window).

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Science, Time, and Change

THE POPULAR MEDIA's TREATMENT OF science AND EVOLUTION

We started our window session by looking at three critical areas—on astronomy, chemical origins, and probability. None of these topics was covered by the 2001 multi-episode PBS broadcast on evolution. This fails to recognize how we even get to the point of biology's existence and thereafter have any reasonable discussion on evolution. The producers of the PBS special essentially admit to skipping the up front issues [as noted in personal communications with WindowView]. If you wish, you can access and download a free viewer's guide (complete book in PDF!) designed to accompany this recent television series (as provided by the Discovery Institute).

LIFE ELSEWHERE IN THE UNIVERSE

There are so many fascinating topics to address. We can't cover them all, but one we want to briefly cover includes some interesting spins on the expectation for life on other planets, especially mars. Let's keep an open mind. Data that will come in the future may be reported as further proof of a material origin and evolution. Again, context is important. The information we already have is enough to squash speculation. Today's data helps us to reason further regarding implications of data to come tomorrow. Mars helps to illustrate why life on Earth is so unique!

THE QUALITY OF LIFE HERE TO DAY ... AND CHANGE

Elsewhere, within WindowView, there are a number of articles describing global change. Each description builds a picture for 'signs of our times.' On the one hand the evidence for change is clear, yet there are some who rebut and say not to worry. Take a moment to think about issues you'll encounter in other areas as you look through the window—especially with regard to global change and our planet's future.

THINKING ABOUT EVERYTHING ALONG TIME

Take a moment to reflect on how science events tell us something along a timeline. Change and driving forces can indicate where we are headed in time. Science is part of the story and elsewhere there are other indicators to consider.

ANOTHER VIEW FITS WHAT WE LOOK AT HERE

Place holder: apologetics (<<< see draft content now)

Is there a consistency between science and Scripture? We reveal that the Bible is in fact consistent, and note where other faiths fall short in this regard. Further, specific aspects of science are listed with examples from the biblical text ... read and compare ... we also provide a reference to a 2004 publication for further reading.

To Sum It All Up — The Holistic View

At this point we can review the topics presented here as a series of thumbnail sketches. The summary offered here is a bit lengthy and may best serve you as a printed article. Overall, the broad sweep of the Science Area's feature articles is represented, in sufficient form, such that if you need to you can return to a specific feature article. If read online, there are links throughout the summary back to specific feature articles and the details contained there.

With the turn of the new millennium comes a new visitation to the true nature to humanity's origin. And this goes beyond nature to reveal an intelligence is behind our existence. The revolutionary ripple that now moving through science and society will mount like a tidal wave. The impact however goes beyond a change in scientific paradigm ... it begs our thinking on a much larger scale. We are not here by chance ... so then, how do we respond. This point beckons us to return to the window to look further.

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Book List: Many of these titles have been used to prepare the feature articles that appear in the Science Area of WindowView.

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www.WindowView.org © 2007

(090109)

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Time spent looking ... through a window on life and choice ... brings the opportunity to see in a new light. The offer for you to Step Up To Life is presented on many of the web pages at WindowView. Without further explanation we offer you the steps here ... knowing that depending on what you have seen or may yet explore in the window ... these steps will be the most important of your life ...

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