Timeline for 1600s to 1880s CE

1648 CE

Philadelphia ( 1648 - 1900 ) Missionary Movement

[As opposed to the dates offered by A. Fruchtenbaum above, Lindsey sets this age from 1750 to 1925]

Commendation given concerning this church and the related church age: ''...are commended for making use of the open door. ...the Philadelphians were faithful in making use of the open door. During the period of 1700 - 1900 there was virtually no place where a missionary could not go. Every place was open to them. today, more and more countries are closing their doors to missionaries. But during those two centuries there were virtually no limitations.''

Condemnation given: None!

(Quotations from Fruchtenbaum)

1652 CE Imperial German Academy of Naturalists founded (G)

1654 CE Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat state theory of probability (G)

1658 CE Robert Hooke, naturalist and philosopher, invents balance spring for watches (G)

1661 CE Robert Boyle: ''The Skeptical Chymist,'' with definition of chemical elements (G)

1663 CE John Newton discovers binomial theorem (G)

1665 CE ''Philosophical Transactions'' first scientific journal in England

Isaac Newton experiments on gravitation; invents differential calculus (G)

25
Church Ages - Are the Last Two Combined?

1648 CE Sabbatai Zevi (1626 - 1676), self-proclaimed Messiah, founds a Jewish sect (G)

1655 CE Oliver Cromwell readmits Jews into England (G)

1668 CE Joseph Glanvill: ''Plus ultra, or Progress of Knowledge since Aristotle'' (G)

1673 CE French explorers Marquette and Joliet reach headwaters of Mississippi River (G)

1675 CE German astronomer Olaus Romer discovers the finite velocity of light (G)

1681 CE Academy of Sciences, Moscow, founded (G)

1697 CE Daniel Defoe: ''An Essay Upon Projects,'' recommending income tax (G)

1670 CE Spinoza: ''Tractus theoloico-politicus'' (G)

1671 CE First Bible edition in Arabic (G)

1684 CE 93 Jewish families expelled from Bordeaux (G)

1693 CE Secret society, Knights of the Apocalypse, founded in Italy to defend the church against the antichrist (G)

1703 CE Isaac Newton elected President of the Royal Society (G)

29
Science Turns Towards the Technical

1710 CE Jakob Christoph Le Blon invents three-color printing (G)

1714 CE D. G. Fahrenheit, constructs mercury thermometer with temperature scale (G)

1716 CE Christian religious teaching prohibited in China (G)

1719 CE Jesuits expelled from Russia (G)

1728 CE James Bradley discovers aberration of light of fixed stars (G)

1729 CE Stephen Gray discovers that some bodies are conductors and some nonconductors of electricity (G)

1731 CE John Hadley invents quadrant for use at sea (G)

1735 CE Linnaeus: ''Systema naturae''

Benoit de Maillet (1656 - 1738): ''Telliamed,'' evolutionary hypothesis (G)

1736 CE manufacture of glass begins in Venice (G)

1738 CE Daniel Bernoulli: ''Hydrodynamica,'' pressure and velocity of fluids (G)

1734 CE The Koran translated into English by George Sale (G)

John Wesley writes his ''Journals'' (to 1790) (G)

1740 CE Berlin Academy of Sciences founded (G)

1742 CE Swiss astronomer Anders Celsius invents centigrade thermometer (G)

1747 CE Benjamin Franklin: ''Plain Truth'' (G)

1748 CE David Hume: ''Philosophical Essays Concerning Human Understanding'' (G)

1743 CE Pogoms in Russia (persecution of Jews) (G)

1747 CE Gilbert West: ''Observations on the Resurrection''(G)

1750 CE Johann Tobias Mayer: ''Map of the Moon'' (G)

1752 CE Benjamin Franklin invents the lightning conductor (G)

1755 CE Immanuel Kant's doctoral thesis: ''The True Measure of Forces'' (G)

1750 CE Baal Shem (1699 - 1760) founds Jewish sect of Chassidim in Carpathian mountain region (G)

1753 CE England - Act of Parliament permits naturalization of Jews (G)

1764 CE James Watt invents condenser, first step toward steam engine (G)

1766 CE Henry Cavendish discovers hydrogen is less dense than air (G)

1768 CE New criminal code, on humanist principles, introduced in Austria (G)

1767 CE Jesuits expelled from Spain, Parma, and the Two Sicilies (G)

1771 CE Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition (G)

Luigi Galvani discovers electrical nature of nervous impulse

1772 CE Daniel Rutherford and Joseph Priestley independently discover nitrogen (G)

1775 CE J.C. Fabricius: ''Systema entomologiae,'' classification of insects

James Watt perfects his invention of the steam engine (G)

1777 CE C.A. Coulomb invents torsion balance

Lavoisier proves air consists mainly of oxygen and nitrogen (G)

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1780 CE American Academy of Sciences founded at Boston (G)

1781 CE Kant: ''Critique of Pure Reason,'' fundamental work of modern philosophy (G)

1789 CE Antonie Jussieu: ''Genera plantarum.'' modern classification of plants (G)

1790 CE First patent law in U.S.

Lavoisier: ''Table of Thirty-One Chemical Elements.'' (G)

1794 CE Erasmus Darwin: ''Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life.'' (G)

First telegraph, Paris - Lille (G)

1796 CE G.L.C. Cuvier founds the science of comparative zoology.

1790 CE Jews in France granted civil liberties (G)

1800 CE A. Volta produces electricity from cell: first battery of zinc and copper plates (G)

1802 CE John Dalton introduces atomic theory into chemistry

Gottfried Treviranus coins term ''biology'' (G)

1803 CE Robert Fulton propels a boat by steam power (G)

1809 CE Lamarck: ''Systeme des animaux sans vertebres.'' (G)

1804 CE British and Foreign Bible Society founded in London (G)

1811 CE Amadeo Avogadro: hypothesis of the molecular composition of gases.

1815 CE Lamer: ''Histoire naturelle Des animaux.'' (G)

1812 CE Jews in Prussia emancipated (Hardenberg reforms) (G)

1821 CE Faraday discovers fundamentals of electromagnetic rotation. (G)

1823 CE British medical journal ''The Lancet'' first issued (G)1827 CE J.J. Audubon: ''Birds of North America.'' (G) George S. Ohm formulates Ohm's Law, defining electrical current potential and resistance. (G)

1829 CE James Smithson bequeaths 100,000 British pounds to found Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. (G)

1827 CE John Darby founds the Plymouth Brethren (G)

1830 CE Robert Brown discovers the cell nucleus in plants. (G)

Charles Lyell divides the geological system into three groups which he names eocene, miocene, and pliocene. (G)1831 CE Charles Darwin sails as naturalist on ''H.M.S. Beagle'' to South America and New Zealand. (G)Faraday carries out experiments demonstrating discovery of electromagnetic induction. (G)1834 CE Cyrus Hall McCormick patents reaping machine. (G)1836 CE Asa Gray: ''Elements of Botany'' first botanical textbook. (G)

K.F. Schimper begins researches into Pleistocene epoch. (G)

1830 CE The religious society of Mormons or Latterday Saints, founded by Joseph Smith and his friends at Fayette, NY. (G)

[See article on scientific problems with Book of Mormon text]

1840 CE Liebig discovers the fundamentals of artificial fertilizer. (G)

1842 CE Crawford Long uses ether to produce surgical anesthesia. (G)1843 CE J.P. Joule determines the amount of work required to produce a unit of heat (mechanical equivalent of heat). (G)1844 CE S.F.B. Morse's telegraph used for the first time between Baltimore and Washington. (G)

1848 CE ''Communist Manifesto'' issued by Marx and Engels. (G)

1846 CE Brigham Young leads Mormons from Nauvoo City, IL., to Great Salt Lake, UT. (G) [See article on scientific problems with Book of Mormon text]

1850 CE Rudolf Clausius formulates second law of thermodynamic,s and kinetic theory of gases. (G)

1852 CE Herbert Spencer: ''The Development Hypothesis'' (first use of word ''evolution''). (G)1853 CE Alexander Wood uses hypodermic syringe for subcutaneous injections. (G)1854 CE Heirich Goebel invents first form of electric light bulb. (G)1856 CE N. Pringsheim observes sperm entering ovum in plants. (G)1857 CE Pasteur proves fermentation is caused by living organisms. (G)

1858 CE T.H. Huxley: ''The Theory of the Vertebrate Skulls'' (G)

31
A Dawning of Global Change

1858 CE The Blessed Virgin Mary reputed to have appeared to Bernadette Soubirous (1844-1879) at Lourdes, France (G)

Lionel de Rothschild becomes first Jewish member of British Parliament (G)

But as is now being recognized, the evolutionary tree and underlying principles used to justify Darwinian evolution are not consistent with current evidence. See our section on Science in relation to the following topics: Darwin - Evolution
Intelligent Design
Irreducibly Complex
Cambrian Explosion

1859 CE Karl Marx: ''Critique of Political Economy'' (G)

J.S. Mill: ''Essay on Liberty'' (G)

Anthropological Society, Paris, founded (G)

First oil well drilled at Titusville, PA (G)

Huxley (1825-1895) exclaimed that fossil record is proof of Darwin's theory.

Huxley: ''Considerations on Representative Government'' (G)

1860 CE

1860 CE Lenoir constructs first practical internal-combustion engine (G)

1861 CE Archaeopteryx: skeleton of link between reptile and bird discovered at Solnhofen, Germany,; now at the British Museum (G)

T.S. Mort builds first machine-chilled cold storage unit (G)

1862 CE Lion Foucault successfully measures the speed of light (G)

R.J. Gatling constructs 10-barrel gun (G)

Julius Sachs demonstrates that starch is produced by photosynthesis (G)

1863 CE Huxley: ''Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature'' (G)

J.S. Mill: ''Utilitarianism'' (G)

Natl. Academy of Sciences founded, Washington, DC (G)

1864 CE Pasteur invents pasteurization (G)

1865 CE Atlantic cable completed (G)

MIT founded (G)

Gregor Mendel enunciates his Law of Heredity (G)

1866 CE Alfred Nobel invents dynamite (G)

1868 CE Charles Darwin: ''The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication'' (G)

Ernst Haekel: ''Natural History of Creation'' (G)

Skeleton of Cro-Magnon man from Upper Paleolithic age (first Homo sapiens in Europe, successor of Neanderthal man) found in France

1860 CE Russian Orthodox Church establishes monastery in Jerusalem (G)

1864 CE Syllabus Errorum issued by Pope Pius IX: condemns Liberalism, Socialism, and Rationalism (G)

1866 CE Jews become a majority in Jerusalem

1869 CE Meeting of First Vatican Council-Cardinal Manning advocates a definition of papal infallibility (G)

1871 CE Charles Darwin: ''The Descent of Man'' (G)

1872 CE Wm. Thomson, later Lord Kelvin, invents a machine by which ships can take accurate soundings while at sea (G)

J.C. Maxwell: ''Electricity and Magnetism'' (G)

Gunsmith firm of E. Remington and Sons begins to produce typewriters

1876 CE A.G. Bell invents telephone

Robert Koch discovers anthrax bacillus

1877 CE Edison invents phonograph

1879 CE Fahlberg and Remser discover saccharin

London's first telephone exchange established (G)

1870 CE First Vatican Council promulgates the dogma of papal infallibility (G)

1871 CE Jehovah's Witnesses founded (G)

1875 CE Mary Baker Eddy: ''Science and Health'' (G)

1878 CE German historian Heinrich Treitschke begins racial anti-Semite movement (G)

1879 CE Mary Baker Eddy becomes pastor of Church of Christ Scientist, Boston (G)